How Steel Helps Maglev Trains Travel Stably and Far

Maglev trains, operating on the principle of magnetic levitation, are currently the fastest trains in the world. Unlike conventional trains, which rely on wheels and physical contact with rails, maglev trains hover above the track, offering high speeds and smooth travel. The success of this advanced transportation system depends heavily on the performance and reliability of steel materials used throughout its infrastructure and core systems.

A Century of Development

The concept of magnetic levitation dates back to the early 20th century. In 1912, Emile Bachelet patented a levitation transport device. One year later, Boris Weinberg built a vacuum train model using magnetic levitation. In 1934, German engineer Hermann Kemper secured a patent for a “monorail without wheels.” These early efforts laid the groundwork for what would eventually become commercial maglev systems.

The first commercial maglev line began operations in 1984, marking the transition from theory to reality.

The Role of Steel in Maglev Operation

Maglev trains are powered by electromagnetic force generated through superconducting electromagnets. These electromagnets are typically made from  electrical steel, which contains a high percentage of iron (98–99%). Iron atoms provide the necessary magnetic properties, while a small amount of carbon (1–2%) ensures mechanical strength and structural integrity.

Magnetized coils are embedded along the guideway, forming what is known as the guide rail. These coils repel large magnets installed beneath the train body, allowing the vehicle to levitate approximately 12 centimeters above the track. In addition, the electromagnetic field created by the current in the coils propels the train forward.

Infrastructure Supported by Steel

Steel materials are not only used in the propulsion system, but also in nearly every aspect of the maglev infrastructure:

• Hot rolled steel is widely used for the structural rails and guideways.

• Steel plates are applied to reinforce support columns, especially in earthquake-prone regions.

• Cold rolled steel and coated steel are used in the train body and protective enclosures to ensure durability and resistance to corrosion.

These materials contribute to the long-term safety and performance of the system under high stress and demanding environmental conditions.

Advantages of Maglev trains?

Maglev trains use electromagnetic propulsion, which means they can travel much faster than conventional trains. Maglev trains can reach speeds of hundreds of kilometers per hour. Because there is no friction, maglev trains have less wear and tear and mechanical failures, and are less likely to be delayed by bad weather. In addition, maglev trains provide a smoother and quieter ride for passengers.

Japan's Shinkansen trains operate at speeds of up to hundreds of kilometers per hour

Global Progress and Projects

Maglev trains are in operation or testing in several countries, including China, Japan, and South Korea. The maglev train currently under trial in Qingdao, China, is designed to reach speeds of 600 km/h, and will enter commercial service upon completion of supporting track infrastructure.

Japan’s Chuo Shinkansen project has reached a test speed of 603 km/h. The route, which will link Tokyo and Nagoya, uses hot-rolled steel for its track structure and aluminum for its electromagnetic coils. Steel plates are used to provide seismic reinforcement to elevated track supports. Despite challenges in tunnel construction, the line is expected to be operational by 2034.

Retrofitting Existing Tracks

In a separate development, Ainlev, an Italian technology company, has demonstrated a maglev system capable of operating on existing railways. The prototype uses passive ferromagnetic levitation and successfully completed a test run along the Adria–Mestre railway at 70 km/h. This approach, which allows magnetic components to interact directly with standard steel rails, could lower costs and accelerate the rollout of maglev systems.

According to the company, the technology is simple, cost-effective, and suitable for a wide range of transportation needs.

Outlook

While technical challenges remain, including infrastructure compatibility and soil conditions in certain regions, advancements in steel materials continue to play a decisive role in moving maglev technology forward. With ongoing improvements in electrical steel and structural steel products, maglev trains are expected to become a viable alternative to air travel in the near future.

The Central Shinkansen is expected to be completed by 2034. Upon completion, the Chuo Shinkansen will take only 40 minutes to run the full distance, cutting the current 90-minute trip by 45 minutes.